While porting the H264 standard encoder x264 to RISC-V, we've identified several operations that are challenging to implement efficiently with existing RVV instructions. In some cases, implementations require too many instructions and or transfer to / from memory, potentially impacting encoder performance.

On this page, we would like to document these operations to -

• Summarize the the need for these operations - both for H264 but hopefully for other multi-media projects too
• Contrast with existing support on other architectures
• Be a basis for discussion about efficient implementations - both in software and hardware.

For operations that cannot be efficiently implemented in RISC-V, we would like to propose new instructions for video encoding and decoding to boost RISC-V's performance in this domain. We hope that experience from across the broader multimedia projects / codec ecosystem can help guide improvements to RISC-V.

Please do reach out to the members below or the RISE Systems Libraries WG if you have suggestions for better implementations of the operations supported here. Also, if you have come across operations that you feel are needed for multimedia workloads but not supported well today.

This is an open collaboration. All ideas and contributions are valuable as we work together to enhance RISC-V's video codec capabilities.

Contact Information

• Yin Tong - yintong.ustc@bytedance.com
• Jiayan Qian - qianjiayan.1@bytedance.com
• Punit Agrawal - punit.agrawal@bytedance.com

Collection list

1. vector Vector transpose instruction
2. absolute Absolute difference instructions
3. zeroZero-extended vmv.x.s
4. Rounded Shift Right Narrow
5. Signed saturate and Narrow to Unsigned

1. Vector transpose instructions

...

Using RISC-V RVV, we have discovered two methods to perform matrix transposition(thanks camel-cdr for the assistance provided):

• Using segmented load or store
• Using vrgather
• Using vnsrl

Here, we use the example of transposing a 4x8 (2x4x4) matrix (transposing the left 4x4 and the right 4x4 separately) to illustrate these two methods.

Segmented load or store

In this way, we can use the `vssseg4e16.v` instruction to store each row of the original matrix into memory by columns, and then read them back by rows. Since we are transposing a 4x8 matrix, we also need to use `vslide` to combine the contents of the two registers together.

// Using extra loads and stores, and use vslide to combine them
.macro TRANSPOSE4x8_16 buf, bstride, v0, v1, v2, v3, t0, t1, t2, t3
    vssseg4e16.v \v0, (\buf), \bstride
    vsetivli zero, 4, e16, mf2, ta, ma
    vle16.v \v0, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \v1, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \v2, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \v3, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \t0, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \t1, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \t2, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vle16.v \t3, (\buf)
    add \buf, \buf, \bstride
    vsetivli zero, 2, e64, m1, tu, ma
    vslideup.vi \v0, \t0, 1
    vslideup.vi \v1, \t1, 1
    vslideup.vi \v2, \t2, 1
    vslideup.vi \v3, \t3, 1
.endm

// under VLEN=128
function transpose4x8_16_one
    vsetivli zero, 8, e16, m1, ta, ma
    mv          t0, a0
    vl4re16.v   v0, (a0)
    li          t1, 8
    TRANSPOSE4x8_16 t0, t1, v0, v1, v2, v3, v8, v9, v10, v11
    vs4r.v   v0, (a0)
    ret
endfunc

...

For creating index by hand, the idea is to set the index for gathering vector N to (i&3)*vl+(i&~3u)+N, where i is the element index obtained by vid.v.

// Using vrgather with index created by hand
.macro TRANSPOSE4x8_16_vrgather v0, v1, v2, v3, t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, s0
    vsetivli    zero, 8, e16, m1, ta, ma
    vid.v       \t0
    li          \s0, 8
    vand.vi     \t1, \t0, 3
    vmul.vx     \t1, \t1, \s0
    vand.vi     \t0, \t0, -4

    vadd.vv     \t4, \t1, \t0
    vadd.vi     \t5, \t4, 1
    vadd.vi     \t6, \t4, 2
    vadd.vi     \t7, \t4, 3
    
    li          \s0, 32
    vsetvli    zero, \s0, e16, m4, ta, ma
    vrgatherei16.vv \t0, \v0, \t4
    vmv.v.v     \v0, \t0
.endm

// under VLEN=128
function transpose4x8_16_two
    vl4re16.v   v0, (a0)
    TRANSPOSE4x8_16_vrgather v0, v1, v2, v3, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, t0
    vs4r.v   v0, (a0)
    ret
endfunc

...

This is also one of the main reasons why we want to add instructions similar to `trn1` and `trn2` in RVV.

Vnsrl

Olaf pointed out a new method to achieve matrix transposition, using the vnsrl instruction in RVV along with vslide instructions to achieve the effect of zip1 and zip2 in AArch64. Olaf provided detailed information for this method, and we are very grateful for his work. Below is an approach that works with VLEN=128:

...

add absolute difference(double-width result): sabal/uabal

x86

compute sum of absoulte difference: psadbw

Implementation in RISCV64

...

//uint16_t with zbb extension
vsetivli zero, 1, e16, m1, ta, ma
vmv.x.s a1, v1
zext.h a1, a1

4. Rounded Shift Right Narrow

Intro

Now RVV has:

// AArch64 implementation
rshrn v20.8b, v20.8h, #3
rshrn2 v20.16b, v21.8h, #3
// RISCV64 implementation
vsetivli zero, 8, e16, m1, ta, ma
vssrl.vi v20, v20, 3
vssrl.vi v21, v21, 3
vsetivli zero, 8, e8, mf2, ta, ma
vncvt.x.x.w v20, v20
vncvt.x.x.w v21, v21
vsetivli zero, 16, e8, m1, ta, ma
vslideup.vi v20, v21, 8

5. Signed saturate and Narrow to Unsigned

Implementation in RISCV64

...